Closely pressed, as of seals (Job 41:15 (7)); of streams pent up (Isaiah 59:9 margin); of strength limited (Proverbs 24:10, "small"). Hence, figuratively, of straitened circumstances; variously rendered "affliction," "tribulation," "distress" (Deuteronomy 4:30; Job 15:24; 30:12; Psalms 4:2; 18:7; 32:7; 44:11, etc.; Psalms 78:42; 102:3; 106:44; 119:143; Isaiah 26:16; 30:20; Hosea 5:15; Ezekiel 30:16). Frequently, the feminine form (tsarah) is similarly rendered "tribulation" (Judges 10:14 the King James Version; 1 Samuel 10:19 the King James Version; 1 Samuel 26:24); in other places "distress," "affliction" (Genesis 42:21; Psalms 120:1; Proverbs 11:8; 2 Chronicles 20:9; Isaiah 63:9; Jeremiah 15:11; Jonah 2:2; Nahum 1:9; Zechariah 10:11).

2. In the New Testament:

The Greek is thlipsis, a "pressing together" (as of grapes), squeezing or pinching (from verb thlibo); used figuratively for "distress," "tribulation"; Septuagint for tsar and tsarah; Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) tribulatio pressura (from tribulum, "a threshing sledge"). The verb form is rendered "suffer tribulation" (1 Thessalonians 3:4 the King James Version, "suffer affliction" the Revised Version (British and American)); "trouble" (2 Thessalonians 1:6 the King James Version, "afflict" the Revised Version (British and American); compare 2 Corinthians 1:6; 4:8; 7:5; 1 Timothy 5:10; Hebrews 11:37). The noun form is rendered in the King James Version variously as "tribulation," "affliction," "persecution," though more uniformly "tribulation" in the Revised Version (British and American). The word is used generally of the hardships which Christ's followers would suffer (Matthew 13:21; 24:9,21,29; Mark 4:17; 13:19,24; John 16:33; 1 Corinthians 7:28); or which they are now passing through (Romans 5:3; 12:12; 2 Corinthians 4:17; Philippians 4:14); or through which they have already come (Acts 11:19; 2 Corinthians 2:4; Revelation 7:14).

Edward Bagby Pollard

From the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
Edited by James Orr, published in 1939 by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

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